HAN Xue-kun,WU Bo-zhi,AN Tong-xin,et al.Advance of Research for Splash Erosion[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(04):46-51.
溅蚀研究进展
- Title:
- Advance of Research for Splash Erosion
- Keywords:
- water and soil erosion; splash; slope angle; rain drop
- 分类号:
- S157.1
- 摘要:
- 溅蚀是水蚀的初始阶段，是雨滴对地表击打直接作用的结果，是一个动能减少，地表土壤颗粒发生位移的过程。溅蚀主要发生在坡面产生径流之前和刚产生径流时，是水蚀的主要形式之一。国内外学者对溅蚀的影响因素的研究主要集中在降雨特征、土壤特性以及地形因素等方面，其中主要影响因子包括：坡度、降雨特征、植被覆盖和土层结构。溅蚀量随坡度的增大逐渐增多，但是坡度超过临界坡度时，随坡度增大而减小；随降雨强度和雨滴大小增大而增大；地表植被对降雨有直接的再分配的过程，主要表现为截流、透流和干流3方面，当地表覆盖物超过1cm时，溅蚀可以完全消失；不同级配的土壤颗粒抗溅蚀能力不同，粒径在0.15mm附近的颗粒最容易被溅蚀，溅蚀同时随着土壤结皮厚度增大，土壤抗溅蚀能力增强。然而目前国内外对溅蚀的研究主要是在实验室模拟条件下完成的，较少有野外实地的研究，更缺乏在实际农业生产条件下的研究。所以需要在前人的基础上结合我国有些地方坡耕地较多的情况，在不同作物、作物生产方式和土地耕作方式等条件下，探讨坡耕地溅蚀规律。
- Abstract:
- Splash is the first step of water erosion; it is the direct results of raindrop strike on soil; it is a process that raindrop kinetic energy is being reduced and the soil particles are being removed from here and there.Scholars researching the factors of rain splash from home and abroad focused on rainfall characters,soil characters and topography element,etc.The key factors for the raindrop splash include slope gradient,meteorology factors,plant coverage and structure of soil.Splash amount increased with rise of slope gradient,but it will decrease after the slope gradient more than a critical degree; increasing with higher intensity and larger diameter of rain drop.Surface plants could redistribute rain drop directly,which include cuting off flow,throughfall and trunk stream.If the thickness of surface covers is more than 1cm,the rain splash could be avoided.Different sizes of soil particles have specific anti-splash ability.The particles whoes diameters are around 0.15mm could be splashed most easily.Soil anti-splash ability could be improved with the increase of crust thickness.But most researches on the splash were done in simulation situation in laboratory,less under natural,and agricultural conditions.So splash researches should investigate into the patterns of rain splash under the condition of different crops,crop production approach and tillage styles in terms of the reality that slope farmlands cover a great part in some areas of China and achievments made by researches.
参考文献/References:
[1] 郑粉莉,高学田.坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究进展[J].地理科学,2003,23(2):230-231,235.
[2] Ellison W D.Soil Erosion Study(Part Ⅱ) Soil detachment hazard by raindrop splash[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1947,28:197-201.
[3] Ellison W D.Soil Erosion Study(PartV) Soil transport in the splash process[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1947,28:349-351,353.
[4] Ellison W D.Two Devices for Measuring Soil Erosion[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1944,25:53-55.
[5] Ellison W D.Studies of Raindrop Erosion[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1944,25:131-136,181-182.
[6] 朱显谟.黄土高原水蚀的主要类型及其有关因素[J].水土保持通报,1982,2(3):36-41.
[7] Carson MA,Kirkby M J.Hillslope Form and Process[M].London:Cambridge University Press,1972:200.
[8] 赵晓光,吴发启.单雨滴溅蚀规律及其对溅蚀土粒的分选作用[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(1):43-45.
[9] 代明侠,徐倩.溅蚀的研究及防治[J].黑龙江水利科技,2005,5(3):33-33.
[10] 方正三.水土保持[M].北京:科学出版社,1958.
[11] 郭耀文.降雨侵蚀原理分析[J].甘肃农业科技,1997(1):28-30.
[12] Ellison W D.soil erosion studies(part I)[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture,1944,25:53-55.
[13] 江忠善,刘志.水土保持概况[J].水土保持学报,1989,3(2):29-35.
[14] 陈浩.黄河流域水土流失探讨[J].人民黄河,1986(1):21-24.
[15] 蔡国强,陈浩.中国水土保护[J].水土保持学报,1986,1(6):30-33.
[16] 赵鸿雁,吴钦孝,韩冰.影响水土流失主要因子的研究[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(3):99-102.
[17] Levy G J,Levin J,Shainberg I.Seal formation and interrill soil erosion[J].Soil Science Society of American Journal,1994,58:203-209.
[18] Bajracharya R M,Lal R.Crusting effects on erosion processes under simulated rainfall on a tropical alfisol[J].Hydrol.Process,1998,12:1927-1938.
[19] Hudson N W.土壤保持[M].窦葆障,译.北京:科学出版社,1976.
[20] 蒋定生.地面坡度对降水入渗影响的模拟实验[J].水土保持通报,1984,4(4):55-58.
[21] 辛树帜,蒋德麟.中国水土保持概论[M].北京:农业出版社,1982.
[22] 吴普特,周佩华.地表坡度对雨滴溅蚀的影响[J].水土保持通报,1991.11(3)8-11.
[23] Kirbeby M J.土壤侵蚀[M].王礼先,译.北京:水利电力出版社,1987.
[24] Gland O S.Soil and water conservation engineering[M].London:Cambridge press,1981.
[25] 刘光正,潘江平,岳军伟.江西红壤低丘水土流失发生规律和防治对策[J].江西林业科技,2008(4):7-9.
[26] 席有.坡度影响土壤侵蚀的研究[J].中国水土保持,1993(4):19-21.
[27] 汤立群.坡面降雨溅蚀及其模拟[J].水科学进展,1995,6(4):304-310.
[28] Woolhiser D A,Liggett J A.Unsteady one- dimensional flow over a plane[J].Rising Hydrograph Water Resources Reasearch,1967,3(3):753-771.
[29] Gash J H C.An analytical model of rainfall interception by forest[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,1979,105:43-55.
[30] Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.A universal soil loss equation to guide conservation farm planning[C].Trans.7th International Cong.Soil Sci.I.,1960:418-425.
[31] Young R A,Wiersma J L.The role of rain fall impact in soil detachment and transport[J].Water Resources Research,1973,9(6):1629-1636.
[32] Al-Durrach M M,Bradford J M.New methods of studying soil detachment due to waterdrop impact[J].Soil Science Society of American Journal,1981,45:949-953.
[33] Nearing M A,Bradford J M.Single waterdrop splash detachment and mechanical properties of soils[J].Soil Science Society of American Journal,1985,49:547-552.
[34] 陈国祥.土壤侵蚀与流域产沙的物理过程及预报模型C//全国泥沙基本理论研究学术讨论会论文集(第1卷).中国水利学会泥沙专业委员会.1992:214-257.
[35] 范荣生,李占斌.坡地降雨溅蚀及输沙模型[J].水利学报,1993(6):24-29.
[36] 樊萍,宋维秀,魏国良.单雨滴降雨对结皮土壤溅蚀的影响[J].青海大学学报,2005(1):59-61.
[37] Guy B T,Dickinson W T,Rudra R P.The roles of rainfall and runoff in the sediment transport capacity of interrill flow[J].Trans ASAE,1987,30(5):1378-1386.
[38] 陈一兵.测定溅蚀的方法研究[J].水土保持通报,1994,14(4):34-38.
[39] Merriam R A.A note on the interception loss equation[J].Geophys.Res.,1960,65:3850-3851.
[40] Horton R E.Rainfall interception[J].Mon Weather Rev,1919,47:603-623.
[41] Aeton A R.Rainfall interception by eight small trees[J].J.Hydrol,1979,42:383-396.
[42] Rutter A J,Kershaw K A,Robins P C,et al.A predictive model of rainfall interception in forest,Ⅰ.Derivation of the model from observation in a plantation of Corsican pine[J].Agric Meteorol,1971,9:367-384.
[43] Rutter A J,Morton A J.A predictive model of rainfall interception in forests Ⅲ,Sensitivity of the model to stand parameters and meteorological variables[J].J.Appl Ecol.,1977,14:567-588.
[44] 游珍,李占斌,蒋庆丰.植被对降雨的再分配分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2003,1(3):102-105.
[45] 王艳红,宋维峰,李财金.不同森林类型林冠截留效应研究[J].亚热带水土保持,2008,20(3):5-10.
[46] 范世香,高雁,程银才,等.林冠对降雨截留能力的研究[J]地理科学,2007,27(2):200-204.
[47] 韩冰,吴钦孝.山杨林地枯落物层对溅蚀的影响[J].植物资源与环境,1994,3(4):5-9.
[48] 王育红,姚宇卿,吕军杰.残茬和秸秆覆盖对黄土坡耕地水土流失的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2002,20(4):109-111.
[49] Wollny E.Der Einfluss Der Pflanzendecke Und Beschattong Auf Die Physikalischen[M].Eigenschflen Und Die Fruchtbarkeit Des Bodens.Berlin,1877:171-174.
[50] 程琴娟,蔡国强.胡霞.不同粒径黄绵土的溅蚀规律及表土结皮发育研究[J].土壤学报,2007,44(3):393-395.
[51] 吴发启,范文波.土壤结皮与降雨溅蚀的关系研究[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(3):1-3.
[52] Norton L D.Micromorphological.Study of surface seals developed under simulated rainfall[J].Geoderma,1987,40:127-140.
[53] 蔡强国.表土结皮在溅蚀和坡面侵蚀过程中作用[M].北京:气象出版社,1990.
[54] Mcintyre D S.Permeability measurements of soil crusts formed by raindrop impact[J].Soil Science,1958,85:261-266.
[55] 朱远达,蔡国强,胡霞,等.土壤物化性质对结皮形成的影响[J].土壤学报,2004,41(1)1 3-19.
[56] Agassi M,Morin J,Shainberg I.Effect of raindrop impact energy and water salinity on the infiltration rate of sodic soil[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J.,1985,49:176-190.
[57] 张光远,蔡崇法.黄绵土表层结皮的微形态特征及理化性质的研究[C]//晋西黄土高原土壤侵蚀规律实验研究文集.北京:水利电力出版社,1990.
[58] Farres P.The role of time and aggregate size in the crusting process[J].Earth Surface Processes,1987,3:243-254.
[59] 胡霞,严平,李顺江,等.人工降雨条件下土壤结皮的形成以及与土壤溅蚀的关系[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):13-16.
[60] Morin J,Van Winkel J.The effect of raindrop impact and sheet erosion on infiltration rate and crust formation[J].Soil Sci,Soc,Am.J,1996,60:1223-1227.
[61] 江忠善,刘志,贾志伟.降雨因素和坡度对溅蚀影响的研究[J].水土保持学报,1989,3(2):29-35.
[62] 骆东奇,候春霞,魏朝富,等.紫色土团聚体抗蚀特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,1(2):20-23.
[63] Bradford J M,Ferries J E,Remley P A.lnterill soil erosion processes 1 Effect of surface sealing on infiltration,runoff,and soil splash detachment[J].Soil Sci.,1987,51:1566-1577
[64] 蔡国强,王贵平,陈永宗.黄土高原侵蚀产沙过程与模拟[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.
[65] Braford J M,Huang L.Comparison of interill soil loss for laboratory and field procedures[J].Soil Technology,1993,6(2):154-169.
[66] Kinnell P I A.The effect of slope length on sediment concentrations associated with side-slope erosion[J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J,2000,64:1004-1008.
相似文献/References:
[1]李品荣,孟广涛,李国昌.不同土地利用方式下土壤地力变化和水土流失状况研究[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(03):95.
LI Pin-rong,MENG Guang-tao,LI Guo-chang.Study on Land Capacity Change and Soil Erosion on Different Landuse Types[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(04):95.
[2]戴全厚,喻理飞,薛萐,等.植被控制水土流失机理及功能研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(02):32.
DAI Quan-hou,YU Li-fei,XUE Sha,et al.Study on the Mechanism and Function of Soil and Water Loss Controlled by Vegetation[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(04):32.
[3]何吉成.秦巴山区铁路增建二线的水土流失影响分析[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(06):64.
HE Ji-cheng.Impact of the Railway Constructions of the Second Line on Soil Erosion and Water Loss in Qinling-Daba Mountainous Area[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(04):64.
[4]肖培青,姚文艺,张海峰.黄土高原植被固土减蚀作用研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(06):282.
XIAO Pei-qing,YAO Wen-yi,ZHANG Hai-feng.Research Progress of the Role of Vegetation in Soil Conservtion and Soil Erosion Reduction on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(04):282.
[5]黄承标,谭卫宁,覃文更,等.木论喀斯特森林水土流失规律研究[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(04):34.
HUANG Cheng-biao,TAN Wei-ning,QIN Wen-geng,et al.Study on Soil and Water Loss in Karst Forest in Mulun[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(04):34.
[6]孙莉英,蔡强国,陈生永,等.东北典型黑土区小流域水土流失综合防治体系[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(03):36.
SUN Li-ying,CAI Qiang-guo,CHEN Sheng-yong,et al.Integrated Governing System on Soil and Water Loss of Small Watersheds in a Typical Black Soil Region of Northeast China[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(04):36.
[7]贾志伟,江忠善,刘志.降雨特征与水土流失关系的研究[J].水土保持研究,1990,(02):9.
Jia Zhiwei,Jiang Zhongshan,Liu Zhi.Study on Relationship Between Rainfall Characteristics and the Loss of Soil and Water[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1990,(04):9.
[8]汪有科,傅左,李立.坡面水土流失观测分析[J].水土保持研究,1991,(02):104.
Wang Youke,Fu Zuo,Li Li.AN ANALYSIS OF SOLL AND WATER LOSS ON HILLSLOPE[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1991,(04):104.
[9]韩冰,吴钦孝,刘向东,等.油松林枯落物层防止溅蚀的研究[J].水土保持研究,1994,1(03):14.
Han Bing,Wu Qinxiao,Liu Xiangdong,et al.Study on prevention of Splash erosion by litter in chinese pine woodland[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1994,1(04):14.
[10]吴长文,陈法扬.水土流失引起的生态经济失调及其系统调控[J].水土保持研究,1995,2(01):80.
Wu Changwen,Chen Fayang.The Fragility of Eco-economic System Induced by Soil and Water Loss and the Regulation of Its System[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1995,2(04):80.
备注/Memo
收稿日期:2010-1-13;
基金项目:文山丘北辣椒优质高产新品种选育及配套技术研究与示范（2006NG17）
作者简介:韩学坤（1984- ），男，硕士研究生，主要研究方向：山地农业可持续发展。E-mail：309087608@qq.com
通讯作者:吴伯志（1960- ），男，教授，博士生导师，研究方向：耕作制度及耕地水土保持。E-mail：bozhiwu@hotmail.com