HUANG Qiong-biao.Environmental Ethics and Ecological Engineering Method[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,12(05):7-15.
环境伦理与生态工法
- Title:
- Environmental Ethics and Ecological Engineering Method
- 分类号:
- X171.1
- 摘要:
- 环境伦理是探讨如何适当关怀、重视，并履行我们保护自然环境之责的理论与实务做法，亦可称为环境道德（environment almorals）。早在几千年前的中国，道家与儒家基本思想已有明确的启示，强调天地自然和谐对人类存的重要，强调人类做为万物之灵必须尊重生命的永恒意义。20世纪初，欧洲地区拜工业发展之赐，社会经济骤然起飞，但在提升物质生活的丰富度之余，却也因各项需求接踵而至，必须大量开发自然资源以因应社会发展的步调，但是随着森林野地的过度开发利用，大规模的灾害因而接二连三发生，包括雪崩、山崩、洪泛等。1938年德国Seifert首先提出近自然河溪整治的概念，将自然景观生态的精神及手法，融入河溪治理工法之中，因而激活了尔后生态工程学门开端。而事实证明，唯有不违反大自然的运行规则，以生态系为环境管理之基本单元的原则，方是根本解决之道，因此人类展开各种利用或遵循生态特质之技术的研究与研讨。“生态工法”是以生态学为基础的应用概念，是将生物学及地域生态学的知识活用于构造物的建设或保全上的技术。生态工法主要是利用水、土石、植物等自然性素材为基础，建造能达成自然保全或改善景观机能的构造物，其功能有助于复原被破坏的自然环境，同时对地域景观的改善也有帮助。生态工法的推展开启了工程界和保育界之间的对话机制，已从过去的概念或理想，走向实务的运用，政府并将之列入重大研究与议题之中，相信未来定对台湾环境品质的提升，定有更正向的助益。
- Abstract:
- It is estimated that at least fifty thousand species go extinct each year,and three fourths of the world’s bird and a quarter of the world’s mammalian species face extinction.This rate of extinction could be accelerated by rapid climate change.Global change is being accelerated by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere,an increase which humankind has significantly contributed to,especially by the industrial scale burning of both fossil fuels and tropical rainforest.With respect to habitat loss,the expansion of human settlement and agriculture has led to the massive destruction of natural habitats and ecosystems such as tropical and temperate rainforests,freshwater lakes and streams,coral reefs,and coastal mangroves.Environmental ethical philosophies belonging to this approach hence have the task of showing how humankind can gain such a sense of the intrinsic value of nature.A successful foundation for environmental ethics has to fulfill two tasks.First,it has to be able to explain how humankind’s relationship with Nature has degraded to the environmental crisis we face today.Second,it has to explain how humankind’s relationship with Nature can be improved to one of respect.Historically,environmental problems have arisen primarily because of inappropriate decisions and a lack of understanding of the impact of these decisions upon the environment.New approaches must be developed and solid technological developments and engineering must function together in an integrated manner in order for social,economic and environmental benefits to be realized.Ecological engineering method is an example of such an integrated approach.Ecological engineering practices can help conserve and restore the environment through the integration of engineering and ecological principles.An ecologically sound approach to engineering takes into account that nature responds systematically,continuously and cumulatively.Ecological engineering operates within the natural system rather than infringing on or overcoming it.Solutions are developed to be as flexible and forgiving as possible,thus avoiding drastic and irreversible consequences when something goes wrong.To support such an approach,it is important to acquire knowledge and understanding about the dynamics of ecosystems and their particular vulnerabilities.Ecological engineering method applications also emphasize understanding of the entire ecosystem rather than components of the system in isolation from one another.
参考文献/References:
[1] 印顺.中观今论[M].正闻出版社, 1992.60-63.
[2] 朱建民.由儒家观点论西方环境伦理学人类中心主义与自然中心主义的对立[Z].中央大学哲学研究所, 2003.
[3] 林镇洋, 丘逸文.生态工法概论[Z].台北科技大学水环境研究中心, 2003.
[4] 高甲荣.近自然治理-以景观生态学为基础的荒溪治理工程[J].北京林业大学学报, 1999, (21):1.
[5] 孙效智.与他者的关系-伦理学导论[A].沈清松.哲学概论[M].2001.
[6] 陈章波.老子书中的谷神[J].科学发展, 2004, (374):76-79.
[7] 程进发.从环境伦理学中"生态旅游"议题思索人类评价自然的根据[A].生态哲学与环境伦理研讨会论文集[C].师范大学环境教育中心, 2001.9-19.
[8] "环境基本法"[Z].2002.
[9] 魏德东.佛教的生态观[J].美佛慧讯地, 2002, 65期.
[10] 释昭慧.佛教伦理学[M].法界出版社, 1995.62-84.
[11] Mitsch, W J, S E Jorgens.Ecological engineering:An Introduction To cotechnology[M].New York:Wiley, 1989.
[12] White, L.The Historical Roots of Our Ecological Crisis[J].Science, 1967, 55:1203-1207.
[13] Alvin Lim Cheng Hin.Martin Buber’s philosophy of dialogue as a foundation for environmental ethics[D].University of Singapore, 1998.
[14] Carson, Rachel.Silent Spring[M].Boston:Houghton Mifflin, 1962.
[15] Bunge, Marcia.Bibilcal views of nature:foundation for an environmental ethic[D].Lutheran School of Technology at Chicago, 1994.
[16] Zalta, E.Environmental Ethics[A].Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (with Y.S.Lo)[M].2002.
[17] William J Mitsch, Sven Erik J rgensen, Ecological Engineering and Ecosystem Restoration[M].Wiley & Sons Pte.Ltd, 2003.
相似文献/References:
[1]王裕文,朱钧.台湾地区培地茅适应性调查[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(03):88.
WANG Yuwen,ZHUJun.The Adaptability of Vetiver in Taiwan[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,9(05):88.
[2]张水龙,庄季屏.流域农业非点源污染的控制对策研究[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(04):38.
ZHANG Shui-long,ZHUANG Ji-ping.Study on Control Measures of Watershed Agricultural Non-point Sources Pollution[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,9(05):38.
[3]彭鸿,邓民兴,卫伟,等.生态工程综合效益测算指标体系和评价方法初探[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(02):12.
PENG Hong,DENG Min-xing,WEI Wei,et al.A Primary Study on Targets of Integrated Benefits for Ecological Projects and Their Methods of Evaluation[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2004,11(05):12.
[4]刘瑛,高甲荣,冯泽深,等.利于河溪生物栖息环境生态工程述评[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(02):256.
LIU Ying,GAO Jia-rong,FENG Ze-shen,et al.Review of Ecological Engineering of Creating Aquatic Creature Habitat Environment[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(05):256.
[5]吴庆龙.兰州南北两山绿化造林工程的适宜性分析[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(03):134.
WU Qing-long.The Applicability Analysis of Massive Artificial Forestation in Lanzhou South-north Hills[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,10(05):134.
[6]王宏兴,王晓,杨秀英,等.多目标决策灰色关联投影法在小流域水土保持生态工程综合效益评价中的应用[J].水土保持研究,2003,10(04):43.
WANG Hong-xing,WANG Xiao,YANG Xiu-ying,et al.Application of Multi-Criteria Decision Grey Relation Projection Method to Synthetic Benefit Evaluation of Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Project in Small Watershed[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2003,10(05):43.
备注/Memo
收稿日期:2005-7-8
作者简介:黄琼彪，台湾林业试验所研究员，博士.