通过构建生态系统服务供需评价指标,运用生态风险指数等模型方法,分析了贵州省生态系统服务供需结构特征与空间分异,探讨了其生态系统风险程度。结果 表明:(1)全省建设用地面积增加较显著,生态系统供给服务总价值量增加21.45%,年均增长率3.96%; 水资源服务总供给量为负值,是因其地形陡峭、地表与地下二元空间水文结构特征等,导致地表蓄水保水力弱,农业生产水资源供给严重不足; 支持与调节服务价值量约占总价值量的85%,表明对长江与珠江下游具有显著生态屏障功能。(2)2015年生态系统服务总需求量为总供给量的61.46%,生态系统服务供给盈余; 生态系统服务需求量年均增长率的10.15%,其增长速度高于供给量。(3)遵义市与毕节市生态系统服务供需格局属高供给高需求,贵阳市属低供给高需求,黔南州与黔东南州属高供给低需求,安顺市、黔西南州和铜仁市属低供给低需求。(4)各地市食物、原料与水资源等生态系统服务供需存在严重赤字,生态系统风险度较高; 美学、食物和原料供给服务的生态风险指数分别增加419.42%,50.24%和11.87%,生态系统风险程度呈加剧; 支持与调节服务功能承受生态风险压力较低,与贵州省长期生态治理与修复,石漠化等生态问题缓解相一致。研究揭示,贵州省近年生态系统服务供需总体为盈余状态,但需求量增速较快,生态系统服务供需与生态风险存在结构性差异与空间不均衡,极易诱发严重生态风险与安全问题。
In this paper, by constructing the evaluation index of ecosystem service supply and demand, using the method of ecological risk index model, we analyzed the structural characteristics and spatial differentiation of ecosystem service supply and demand in Guizhou Province, and discussed the degree of ecosystem risk. The results showed that:(1)from 2010 to 2015, the area of construction land increased significantly, the total value of ecosystem supply increased by 21.45%, and the annual average growth rate was 3.96%; the total supply of water resources services was negative due to the steep terrain, high area rate of cultivated land in mountainous areas and the dual hydrological characteristics of surface and underground space in Guizhou Province, resulting in weak water storage and conservation, and serious shortage of water resources supply in agricultural production; the value of support and regulation services accounted for about 85% of the total value, indicating that its ecosystem had an important ecological barrier function for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Pearl River;(2)the average annual growth rate of demand for ecosystem services was 10.15%; in 2015, the total demand for ecosystem services was 61.46%; the supply of ecosystem services was surplus, but the growth rate of demand was much higher than that of supply;(3)Guiyang City and Anshun City belonged to the pattern of low supply and high demand, Bijie City, Qiannan Prefecture, Qiandongnan Prefecture and Zunyi City belonged to the pattern of high supply and low demand, Liupanshui City, Southwest Guizhou Prefecture and Tongren City belonged to the pattern of low supply and low demand;(4)there were serious deficits in the supply and demand of food, raw materials and water resources services in the ecosystems of all cities, and the risk of ecosystems was high; the ecological risk index of aesthetics, food and raw material supply services increased by 419.42%, 50.24% and 11.87%, respectively, and the ecological risk was aggravated; there was no ecological risk in support and regulation ecosystem services, and the pressure of ecological risk was low; there was no ecological risk in support and regulation services, and the pressure of ecological risk was low, which was the result of long-term ecological control and restoration of rocky desertification. These research results can reveal that the growth rate of demand for ecosystem services in Guizhou Province is greater than that of supply. There are serious structural and ecological risk differentiation and spatial imbalance between supply and demand of ecosystem services, and serious ecological risk in ecosystem.
