针对宁南红梅杏典型栽培区的红梅杏产量低,抗霜冻能力差等问题,采用现场调查与室内分析相结合,从晚霜危害、水肥管理、整形修剪及病、虫、啮齿动物危害4个方面调查,分析了当前生产中的制约因素及存在问题。结果 表明:宁南红梅杏典型栽培区晚霜危害频繁,是导致目前该地区经常性大面积减产或绝收最直接的外在原因; 而水肥管理缺失,未进行整形修剪,树体自然生长,造成树势衰弱、结果枝组老化,抗逆性差,坐果率低,是导致红梅杏年年减产或绝产的主要内因。宁南红梅杏典型栽培区红梅杏园病害、啮齿动物危害较轻,但食心虫危害相对严重。为了促进宁南红梅杏典型栽培区的红梅杏生产,在综合考虑当地气候资源与水资源的基础上建议如下:(1)宁南红梅杏典型栽培区霜冻频发,红梅杏建园时应选择小地形、小气候,建立防护林,尽量避免、减轻霜冻; 霜冻发生时综合利用覆盖、灌水、喷水、熏烟、喷施抗寒物质等措施降低霜冻危害。(2)加强杏园水肥管理,增壮杏树长势,提高杏树抗逆能力。有灌溉条件的应适时灌溉,无灌溉条件的应进行园地整治,汇集自然降水,提高土壤水分,同时铺设地布减少土壤水分蒸发; 对于土壤水分亏缺严重的杏园应适量间伐,减少土壤水分消耗; 萌芽时追施含氮量高的复合肥,果实采收后增施有机肥,提高土壤肥力。(3)强化杏树整形与修剪,应根据树龄、树势、栽植密度等,积极开展整形修剪,促进树体生长健壮,提高果实产量及品质。(4)积极开展食心虫的预测预报,综合防治食心虫。
Low yield and weak frost resistance of the Hongmei apricot [Armeniaca sibirica(L.)Lam] are the main problems faced by Hongmei apricot in Ningnan typical cultivation areas. In this study, the restricting factors and the corresponding countermeasures were discussed from four parts by the field investigation and the indoor analysis, including the late frost damage, the water and fertilizer management, the shaping and pruning, the disease, pest and rodent damage. The results showed that the frequent frost damage in late spring was the most direct environmental factor to result in the poor yield or failure of Hongmei apricot in Ningnan typical cultivation area; due to the poor water and fertilizer management and the absent shaping and pruning in the growth process, the aged fruit-bearing branches, the poor stress resistance and the lower fruit-setting rate were the main internal causes of resulting in the poor yield or failure. In Ningnan typical cultivation area, the disease and rodent of Hongmei apricot garden were mild, but the harm to peach fruit borer(Carposina niponensis Walsingham)was relatively serious. In order to promote the production of Hongmei apricot in Ningnan typical cultivation area, on the basis of comprehensive consideration of local climate resources and water resources, the suggestions are as follows:(1)because the frost frequency occurs in Ningnan Hongmei apricot typical cultivation area, it is necessary to select small terrain, small climate, set up the prevention from forest, avoid the frost, and reduce the frost damage by comprehensive utilization of the covering, irrigation, water spraying, smoke and cold-resistant substances in the frost event.(2)the management of water and fertilizer in apricot garden, and the growth vigor should be strengthened, and the resistance of apricot tree to stress should be improved. Those with irrigation conditions should be irrigated at the right time, those without irrigation conditions should be renovated to collected natural precipitation and to improved soil moisture, and soil moisture evaporation should be reduced by laying black ground fabric; for apricot gardens with serious soil water deficit, appropriate thinning should be made to reduce soil water consumption; compound fertilizer with high nitrogen content should be applied in germination stage, organic fertilizer should be applied after fruit harvest to improve soil fertility.(3)according to the age of the apricot tree, the apricot tree vigor, the planting density, etc., the shaping and pruning should be carried out to promote the robust growth of the apricot tree, enhance apricot tree vigor, and improve the apricot yield and quality.(4)the prediction of the apricot fruit borer should be carried out and comprehensively controlled.
