灌溉方式、灌水量及施氮量对小麦、玉米周年水分利用的影响
杨永辉1,2, 武继承1,2, 高翠民1,2, 张洁梅1,2, 潘晓莹1,2, 何 方1,2, 王 越1,2, 王 芸3

(1.河南省农业科学院 植物营养与资源环境研究所, 郑州 450002; 2.农业部 作物高效用水原阳科学观测站, 河南 原阳 453514; 3.河北广播电视大学 数字化学习资源中心, 石家庄 050080)

喷灌; 地面灌; 灌水量; 氮肥用量; 水分利用

Effects of Irrigation Mode, Irrigation Volume and Application Rate of Nitrogen on Annual Water Use of Wheat and Maize
YANG Yonghui1,2, WU Jicheng1,2, GAO Cuimin1,2, ZHANG Jiemei1,2, PAN Xiaoying1,2, HE Fang1,2, WANG Yue1,2, WANG Yun3

(1.Institute of Plant Nutrition & Resource Environment, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; 2.Yuanyang Experimental Station of Crop Water Use, Ministry of Agriculture, Yuanyang, Henan 453514, China; 3.Digital Learning Resource Center, Hebei Radio and TV University, Shijiazhuang 050080, China)

sprinkler irrigation; surface irrigation; irrigation quantity; nitrogen fertilizer application rate; water use

备注

为探明不同灌溉方式、不同灌水量与氮肥用量条件下小麦、玉米周年水分利用机制,采用田间试验,开展了喷灌与地面灌条件下灌水次数(0,1,2,3次,450 m3/hm2)与施氮量(小麦季:180,240,270 kg/hm2; 玉米季:210,270,330 kg/hm2)对小麦、玉米生长及产量和灌水利用率、小麦生理特征等的影响研究。结果 表明:喷灌较地面灌更利于小麦叶片SPAD值的提高。在不同灌量条件下,喷灌更利于促进小麦光合速率的提高,且以N270+3水处理的光合速率最高,其次为N180+1水处理。在中低氮水平,地面灌以灌2水产量最高,而喷灌在灌1水条件下产量最高。玉米产量在低氮和高氮水平下,随灌水量的增加而增加,而中氮(270 kg/hm2)水平则表现为先增加而后降低的趋势,且中氮水平的玉米产量相对较高。对周年效应而言,喷灌的小麦、玉米周年产量和灌水利用率基本均高于地面灌。在两种灌溉条件下,均以小麦、玉米分别灌2水[450 m3/(hm2·次)],周年施氮量510 kg/hm2的周年总产量最高。周年总灌水利用率在两种灌溉条件下均以周年总施氮量390 kg/hm2+总灌水900 m3/hm2最高,其次为中氮(N240+N270)灌1水处理。周年总水分利用效率以喷灌周年总施氮量510 kg/hm2+总灌水900 m3/hm2最高,以地面灌周年总施氮量510 kg/hm2+总灌水1 800 m3/hm2最高。说明适当减少灌水更利于周年小麦、玉米水分利用率的提高。从增产与节水综合因素考虑,推荐小麦、玉米周年灌水施肥模式为:小麦N240+玉米N270+喷灌各2水[450 m3/(hm2·次)]。

In order to clarify the mechanism of annual water use of wheat and maize under different irrigation methods and different combinations of irrigation with nitrogen fertilizer, field experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of irrigation times(0, 1, 2, 3 times, 450 m3/hm2)and nitrogen application rates(wheat season: 180, 240, 270 kg/hm2 and maize season: 210, 270, 330 kg/hm2)on growth, yield and irrigation efficiency of wheat and maize under the conditions of sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation. The results showed that sprinkler irrigation was more beneficial to the increase of SPAD value of wheat leaves than that of surface irrigation; under different irrigation conditions, sprinkler irrigation was more useful for the improvement of photosynthetic rate of wheat, and the photosynthetic rate of the treatment with N270+3 times irrigation was the highest compared with other treatments, followed by the treatment with N180+1 times; at the moderate and low nitrogen levels, the yield of 2 times irrigation was the highest, and that of sprinkler irrigation was the highest under the condition of 1 times irrigation; however, the yield of maize increased with the increase of irrigation water at low and high nitrogen levels, while the yield of maize at the level of medium nitrogen(270 kg/hm2)increased at first and then decreased, which was relatively higher compared with other treatments; for the annual system of wheat and maize, the total yield and irrigation efficiency of wheat and maize under sprinkler irrigation were basically higher than those of surface irrigation; under the two irrigation conditions, the total yield of wheat and maize was the highest under the condition of the annual nitrogen application rate of 510 kg/hm2 combining with 2 times irrigation during the growth of wheat and maize, respectively; under both irrigation conditions, total irrigation use efficiency of the annual total nitrogen application rate of 390 kg/hm2 with total irrigation of 900 m3/hm2 was the highest compared with other treatments, followed by the treatment of medium nitrogen(N240+N270)with irrigation 1 time, while total water use efficiency of annual total nitrogen application rate of 510 kg/hm2 combining with annual total irrigation of 900 m3/hm2 was the highest under the sprinkler irrigation, and that of annual total nitrogen application rate of 510 kg/hm2 combining with annual total irrigation of 1 800 m3/hm2 was the highest under surface irrigation. These results show that proper reduction of irrigation was more conducive to the improvement of annual total water use efficiency of wheat and maize. According to the comprehensive factors on increasing yield and saving water, it is recommended that the annual irrigation and fertilizer mode of wheat and maize would be(wheat)N240+(maize)N270+2 times irrigation with spray irrigation(450 m3/hm2 per time).