[1]邓景成,高鹏,穆兴民,等.黄土高原退耕还林工程对生态环境的影响及对策建议[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(05):63-68.
　DENG Jingcheng,GAO Peng,MU Xingmin,et al.Impacts and Advice of the Grain for Green Project to Ecological Environment on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,24(05):63-68.
点击复制

黄土高原退耕还林工程对生态环境的影响及对策建议

《水土保持研究》[ISSN:1005-3409/CN:61-1272/P] 卷: 24 期数: 2017年05期 页码: 63-68 栏目: 出版日期: 2017-10-28
Title:
Impacts and Advice of the Grain for Green Project to Ecological Environment on the Loess Plateau
作者:
邓景成1, 高鹏1,2, 穆兴民1,2, 赵广举1,2, 孙文义1,2, 田鹏1,3, 宋小燕1,4
1. 西北农林科技大学 土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100;
2. 中国科学院 水利部 水土保持保持研究所 土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室, 陕西 杨凌 712100;
3. 西北农林科技大学 资环学院, 陕西 杨凌 712100
Author(s):
DENG Jingcheng1, GAO Peng1,2, MU Xingmin1,2, ZHAO Guangju1,2, SUN Wenyi1,2, TIAN Peng1,3, SONG Xiaoyan1,4
1. State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;
2. Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;
3. Resources and Environmental Science College, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
关键词:
黄土高原; 退耕还林; 生态环境; 水资源; 粮食安全
Keywords:
Loess Plateau; Grain for Green; ecological environment; carrying capacity of water resources; food security
分类号:
X171.1
摘要:
基于西北地区水土流失和生态环境问题日益严重，为了再造一个山川秀美的西北地区，1999年我国实施了浩大的退耕还林工程。文章分析了黄土高原自新石器时代以来气候变迁和农耕文明前后人类活动对生态环境的影响，造成气候和植被带的南移以及农业和畜牧业发展带来的破坏，指出退耕还林工程实施以来对植被恢复、土地资源的合理利用和区域气候改善都起到了显著的成效，但仍存在水资源需求增加，承载力不足、耕地面积减少，短期内粮食产量下降、政策可持续性等问题，提出因地制宜，选择合适树种，利用节水措施以缓解水资源问题，基于生态、经济、社会价值最大化进一步优化土地配置，从工程后续的管理和维护上入手，提供合理的经济补偿，巩固已有的成果等建议，为以后更好推进退耕还林工程实施起到指导作用。
Abstract:
China has implemented the Grain for Green Project since 1999 for reconstructing a graceful northwest region based on serious water and soil loss as well as deteriorative ecological environment of this area. We analyze the impacts on what climate and vegetation zone moved toward south and the damage of the agriculture and animal husbandry development from climate change of the neolithic age and the human activities before and after the agricultural civilization to ecological environment on the Loess Plateau, and point out vegetation cover, the optimization of land resources and region climate have gained remarkable benefits since implementation of the Grain for Green. Meanwhile, it indicates some problems about the increase in water resources demand, the fall in crop production due to decrease of farmland and policy sustainability, and proposes adjusting measures to local conditions, selecting the appropriate tree species and utilizing water-saving measures to alleviate water resources problems, further optimizing the distribution of land based on ecological, economic and social maximization, providing the reasonable economic compensation and consolidating the results with respect to follow-up engineering management and maintenance in order to provide some guiding functions to further boost the implementation of the Grain for Green Project.

参考文献/References:

[1] 王毅,李锐,刘国斌,等.科学规划,退耕还林(草),改善生态,富民增收[R]//中国科学院关于黄土高原生态建设的建议.国情报告(第二卷1999年(下).
[2] 段巧甫.水土保持的探索与实践[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,1999.
[3] 张青峰.黄土高原生态经济分区研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2008.
[4] 李永红,高照良.黄土高原地区水土流失的特点,危害及治理[J].生态经济:学术版,2011(8):148-153.
[5] 龚高法,张丕远,张瑾瑢.历史时期我国气候带的变迁及生物分布界限的推移[J].历史地理,1987(5):1.
[6] 杨勤业,朱士光.黄土高原地区自然环境演变区域分异与综合治理初步研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,1990,4(1):1-8.
[7] 朱士光.论我国黄土高原地区生态环境演化特点与可持续发展对策[J].中国历史地理论丛,2000(3):3-12,251.
[8] 王飞,李锐,谢永生.历史时期黄土高原生态环境建设分析[J].水土保持研究,2001,8(2):138-142.
[9] 魏新民.隋唐以前黄土高原生态资源环境变迁研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2010,24(3):109-114.
[10] 郗静.陕北黄土高原退耕还林与生态环境建设研究[D].西安:西北大学,2006.
[11] 郑粉莉,唐克丽,白红英.黄土高原人类活动与生态环境演变的研究[J].水土保持研究,1994,1(5):36-42.
[12] Chen Y, Wang K, Lin Y, et al. Balancing green and grain trade[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2015,8(10):739-741.
[13] 刘建军,崔宏安,王得祥,夏文辉,杨正礼.延安市张梁试区退耕地植被自然恢复与多样性变化[J].西北林学院学报,2002,17(3):8-11.
[14] 侯军岐,张社梅.黄土高原地区退耕还林还草效果评价[J].水土保持通报,2002,22(6):29-31.
[15] 唐克丽.退耕还林还牧与保障食物安全的协调发展问题[J].中国水土保持,2000(8):35-37.
[16] 张科利,唐克丽,王斌科.黄土高原浅沟侵蚀特征值的研究[J].水土保持学报,1991,5(2):8-13.
[17] 焦峰,温仲明,李锐.黄土高原退耕还林(草)环境效应分析[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(1):26-29.
[18] 朱战强,刘黎明,张军连.退耕还林对宁南黄土丘陵区景观格局的影响:以中庄村典型小流域为例[J].生态学报,2010,30(1):146-154.
[19] 杜继稳,雷向杰,鲁渊平,等.陕北植被生态环境变化对气候的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2001,16(1):12-16.
[20] 代亚丽,蔡江碧,王宏丽.植被建设在黄土高原生态环境建设中的地位和作用[J].西北农林科技大学学报:自然科学版,2000,28(6):130-134.
[21] 吕世华,陈玉春.西北植被覆盖对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,1999,18(3):416-424.
[22] 赵靖川,刘树华.植被变化对西北地区陆气耦合强度的影响[J].地球物理学报,2015,58(1):47-62.
[23] 徐丽萍.黄土高原地区植被恢复对气候的影响及其互动效应[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2008.
[24] 姚文俊.陕北黄土区植被恢复对气候与水沙变化的影响[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.
[25] Uhl C, Kauffman J B. Deforestation, fire susceptibility, and potential tree responses to fire in the eastern Amazon[J]. Ecology, 1990,71(2):437-449.
[26] 冯耀龙,韩文秀,王宏江,等,黄津明.区域水资源承载力研究[J].水科学进展,2003,14(1):109-113.
[27] 张建兴,马孝义,赵文举,等.黄土高原地区水资源承载力动态变化及灰色拓扑预测:以山西,陕西,宁夏,甘肃四省为例[J].生态环境,2008,17(2):823-827.
[28] 孙宝胜,杨开宝,拓文俊.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤水资源平衡利用与生态植被可持续发展[J].西北农业学报,2005,14(4):92-96.
[29] Cao S, Chen L, Yu X. Impact of China’s Grain for Green Project on the landscape of vulnerable arid and semi-arid agricultural regions: a case study in northern Shaanxi Province[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,46(3):536-543.
[30] 张海,张立新,柏延芳,等.黄土峁状丘陵区坡地治理模式对土壤水分环境及植被恢复效应[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):108-113.
[31] 王兵,刘国彬,张光辉,杨艳芬.黄土高原实施退耕还林(草)工程对粮食安全的影响[J].水土保持通报,2013,33(3):241-245.
[32] 刘璨.我国退耕还林工程对粮食产量影响的分析与测度[J].林业经济,2015(9):51-65.
[33] 高鹏,蒋定生.黄土高原丘陵沟壑区沟道水资源利用模式初探[J].水土保持研究,2000,7(2):77-79.
[34] 胡良军.黄土高原植被恢复的土壤水分生态环境[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2002.
[35] 徐学选.黄土高原土壤水资源及其植被承载力研究[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2001.
[36] 王力.陕北黄土高原土壤水分亏缺状况与林木生长关系[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2002.
[37] 田均良,刘国彬.黄土高原退耕还林工程中的现存问题及有关建议[J].水土保持通报,2004,24(1):63-65,78.
[38] 李强.基于GIS的黄土高原南部地区土地资源利用与优化配置研究[D].西安:陕西师范大学,2012.
[39] 王飞,高建恩,邵辉,等.基于GIS的黄土高原生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应及生态补偿[J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(1):25-31.
[40] 张希彪.陇东旱塬农业生态系统能流分析与评价[J].农业现代化研究,2002,23(6):414-417.
[41] 张俊飚,李曦,雷海章.黄土高原土地资源永续利用对策设计[J].华中农业大学学报:社会科学版,2002(1):27-31.
[42] 汪习军.关于加快黄土高原水土流失有效治理的思考[J].中国水土保持,2014(6):1-3.
[43] 王飞,李锐,温仲明,等.退耕还林(草)政策问题与建议:陕西省安塞县退耕还林(草)试点调查分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报:社会科学版,2003,3(1):60-65.
[44] 李国平,张文彬.退耕还林生态补偿契约设计及效率问题研究[J].资源科学,2014,36(8):1670-1678.

相似文献/References:

[1]白桦,穆兴民,王双银.水土保持措施对秃尾河径流的影响[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(01):40.
　BAI Hua,MU Xing-min,WANG Shuang-yin.Impact of Soil and Water Conservation on River Flow of Tuwei River[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(05):40.
[2]杨国安,徐勇,郭腾云.基于脆弱性和可持续生计视角的黄土高原生态环境治理研究[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(02):64.
　YANG Guo-an,XU Yong,GUO Teng-yun.Eco-environmental Construction on the Loess Plateau Based on the Perspective of the Vulnerability and Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(05):64.
[3]韩磊,郑佳丽,贺康宁,等.青海省大通县退耕还林对土壤理化性质的影响[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(03):100.
　HAN Lei,ZHENG Jia-li,HE Kang-ning,et al.Effect of Returning Farmland into Forest on Soil Physicochemical Properties in Datong County of Qinghai Province[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(05):100.
[4]肖培青,姚文艺,张海峰.黄土高原植被固土减蚀作用研究进展[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(06):282.
　XIAO Pei-qing,YAO Wen-yi,ZHANG Hai-feng.Research Progress of the Role of Vegetation in Soil Conservtion and Soil Erosion Reduction on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(05):282.
[5]赵发珠,韩新辉,杨改河,等.黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林地土壤有机碳、氮密度变化特征[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(04):43.
　ZHAO Fa-zhu,HAN Xin-hui,YANG Gai-he,et al.Change Characteristics of Density of Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen under Land Shifted into Forestland in Hilly Loess Region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(05):43.
[6]马芹,张晓萍,万龙,等.黄土高原河龙区间最大日雨量(PMP)极值拟合及时空演变特征[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(02):71.
　MA Qin,ZHANG Xiao-ping,WAN Long,et al.Fitting of the PMP Values and Identifying Its Spatiotemporal Characteristics in the Helong Section on the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(05):71.
[7]卓玛兰草,刘普幸,张亚宁,等.甘肃黄土高原区潜在蒸散量时空变化与成因研究[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(01):70.
　ZHUO Malancao,LIU Pu-xing,ZHANG Ya-ning,et al.Study on Temporal and Spatial Changes of the Potential Evapotranspiration and Its Impact Factors in Loess Plateau of Gansu Province[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(05):70.
[8]施宇,温仲明,龚时慧,等.黄土丘陵区植物功能性状沿气候梯度的变化规律[J].水土保持研究,2012,19(01):107.
　SHI Yu,WEN Zhong-ming,GONG Shi-hui,et al.Trait Variations along a Climatic Gradient in Hilly Area of Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,19(05):107.
[9]穆兴民,陈国良,徐学选.黄土高原降水量与地理因素关系分析[J].水土保持研究,1992,(02):80.
　Mu Xingmin,Chen Guoliang,Xu Xuexuan.ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECIPITATION AND GEOGRAPICAL FACTORS IN LOESS PLATEAU[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1992,(05):80.
[10]刘静.数字化地形模型（DTM）在水土保持中的应用[J].水土保持研究,1992,(02):96.
　Liu Jeng.ESTABLSHING AND APPLICATION OF DTM FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1992,(05):96.
[11]陈国建,张晓萍,张平仓,等.基于RS和GIS的六道沟流域土地利用动态变化研究[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(02):95.
　CHEN Guo-jian,ZHANG Xiao-ping,ZHANG Ping-cang,et al.Dynamic Changes of Land Use in Liudaogou Watershed Based on RS and GIS[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(05):95.
[12]付艳玲,张晓萍,陈凤娟,等.黄土区退耕背景下土地利用/覆被格局现状调查研究——以安塞县马家沟流域为例[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(06):81.
　FU Yan-ling,ZHANG Xiao-ping,CHEN Feng-juan,et al.Land Use/Cover Pattern Survey under the Background of Grain for Green Policy Implementation in the Loess Hilly-Gully Region[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(05):81.
[13]梁海斌,薛亚永,安文明,等.黄土高原不同退耕还林植被土壤干燥化效应[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(04):77.
　LIANG Haibin,XUE Yayong,AN Wenming,et al.Effects of Different Revegetation Types on Soil Desiccation in the Loess Plateau[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(05):77.

备注/Memo

收稿日期:2016-09-12;改回日期:2016-09-28。
基金项目:水利部公益性行业科研专项（20501049）；中国科学院西部之光；国家自然基金（41371277）
作者简介:邓景成(1993-),男,山西大同人,硕士研究生,研究方向为流域生态水文和水土保持。E-mail:djc18821714915@163.com
通讯作者:高鹏(1976-),男,陕西扶风人,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事水土保持和流域生态水文。E-mail:gaopeng@ms.iswc.ac.cn

更新日期/Last Update: 1900-01-01