HUANG Qiongbiao,CAI Manxiong.The Interaction of Forest Management and Soil Conservation[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,9(03):34-41.
林业经营与水土资源保育之互动
- Title:
- The Interaction of Forest Management and Soil Conservation
- 分类号:
- S157;S750
- 摘要:
- 在森林地之地表径流端赖截留量、蒸发散量及土壤吸收渗透量之多寡而决定，有剩余量才会产生。根据文献报告指出，截留量随降雨强度增而增加后，又随着减少，同时与树种、林相有关，针叶树比阔叶树截留量多，多层树冠之截留量亦多。蒸发散量亦是与树种、林相有关，郁蔽度大者蒸发散量少，因为郁蔽度大着通风不良、日照减少、温度降低。土壤吸收渗透量与树种、林相亦有关系，因为树种之根系型态不尽相同，枯枝落叶量多寡，郁蔽度大小皆会有影响，土壤孔隙率受根系多少而变化，有机质含量大则吸水能力强，增加水分渗透机会，植物种类引诱动物活动，也会增加土壤孔隙，导致土壤水吸收与渗透量增加。由于森林与水文循环关系密切，森林之林相、主要树种、树龄在水文循环过程中均扮演极重要之角色，所以森林内之施业，诸如伐木作业、开辟林道、造林、林相改良、林相变更、工程施工、开矿采石等活动对森林集水区水文会有明显变化。本省气候特殊，雨量集中，干湿分明，洪患与干旱灾害是本省最大隐忧，若能经由不同之林业经营方式来影响森林集水区水文变化，提高森林涵养水源、净化水质、调解水量与保安固土，灾害降低至最小，将森林功效发挥至最大；规划水文站网，做好气象、水文观测工作，一定是必要条件。
- Abstract:
- The forest hydrological processes include precipitation, interception, evaporation, and runoff.Interception splits precipitation into that delivered to the land and water surfaces and that caught on the forest canopy and returned to the atmosphere by evaporation.Water delivered to the land surface may run off directly, as overland flow into streams to drain by way of rivers and lakes back into the sea, or infiltrate the soil.From the soil, the surplus draining further down to springs maintains the steady flow of rivers.Plants return much of the soil water through transpiration to the atmosphere some water also evaporates directly from the soil and from the surfaces of lakes and rivers.The forest is characterized by three primary elements: (1) the foliage above the ground forming a number of layers that compose the total thickness of the protective canopy, (2) the accumulation of dead and decaying plant remains on the ground surface constituting the forest floor, and (3) the forest soils that are formed below together with the living and dead roots and subsurface stems that permeate the soil.In Taiwan, road construction is the largest sediment source in forestry operations, and roads located adjacent to streams can be continuing sources of water quality problems.Besides, road construction in riparian zones will lessen the effectiveness of the zone as habitat for many wildlife species.This results from both the alteration in the vegetative complex and in the increased disturbance from traffic along the road.When artificial constructions are necessary to maintain channel beds and banks, bioengineerings should be applied to reduce the impacts on natural environment.Any use of fertilizers, mechanical treatments, prescribed burning, pesticides and other chemicals to assure buffer function shall not compromise the intended purpose.Abundant consultation with experts prior to operation is the better way to do the right things.Any kind of forest recreational activities are prohibited due to the upstream ecosystems are extremely sensitive and a rigid protection is proper.The forest ecosystem will be inspected periodically to monitor the environmental variances and effectsof protection.An integrated monitoring program, including silviculture, landscape, vegetation, animals, social interaction, is combined with management plan as a feedback, to improve the project running smoothly for a long period.
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备注/Memo
收稿日期:2002-5-1;改回日期:。
作者简介:黄琼彪，台湾林业试验所研究员；蔡满雄，林务局课长；黄国祥，林务局研究员.