XU Shen-lai,HOU Hao.The Landscape Dynamics of‘Source’and‘Sink’and Its Quantification Method[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(06):64-67,71.
景观“源、汇”的动态特性及其量化方法
- Title:
- The Landscape Dynamics of‘Source’and‘Sink’and Its Quantification Method
- 关键词:
- “源”“汇”景观理论; 生态过程; 景观格局动态; 距离成本模型
- Keywords:
- source-sink landscape theory; ecological process; dynamic landscape pattern; cost-distance model
- 分类号:
- X171
- 摘要:
- 正确理解景观格局与生态过程的关系是景观生态学研究的关键，尽管基于“源”“汇”过程的景观空间负荷对比指数较好地将景观格局与生态过程联系起来，但是对于如何定量刻画“源”“汇”景观及其动态特性没有提出科学的方法。针对上述不足，深入分析了“源”、“汇”景观的动态特性，并从景观阻力与侵蚀力平衡关系的角度提出了定量判断“源”“汇”景观格局的方法。这个方法的特点包括：（1）基于土壤侵蚀过程定量判定景观“源、汇”动态；（2）由于景观 “源、汇”动态定量判定中充分考虑到降雨和土壤的异质性，对环境背景值不同的地区也适用。（3）从距离、相对高度和坡度3个方面建立景观格局动态评价模型即景观空间负荷对比动态指数，该指数很好地将景观格局动态与生态过程联系在一起，使定量研究和预测景观格局与过程的关系成为可能。通过分析景观空间负荷对比动态指数与流域出口处泥沙监测值的相关性，可以揭示某一流域景观格局对土壤侵蚀过程的影响。
- Abstract:
- Exploring the relationships between landscape pattern and ecological processes is the key topic of in-depth research in landscape ecology.This paper reconsiders the pattern-process relationship and analyzes the reason of separation of the landscape pattern and ecological processes.In this paper,we bring forward a method to quantify the characteristics of the dynamics of the‘sink’ landscape and‘source’ landscape with the development of the‘source-sink’ theory,cost-distance model analysis under a framework of soil erosion.This method can be used to evaluate the effect of landscape pattern upon ecological processes as related to distance,relative elevation,and slope degree,namely,location-weighted dynamic landscape contrast index (DLCI).This index links the dynamic landscape pattern to the ecological process so properly that it can be possible to quantify and predict the pattern-process relationship.This method has three following major characteristics,the first feature is the quantified definition of the dynamic‘source-sink’ landscape pattern based corresponding ecological process; the second merit is a wide application for heterogeneity of environment in term of rainfall and soil.The last advantage is the evaluation of influence of landscape pattern on soil erosion with weighted dynamic landscape contrast index.Thus,the weighted dynamic landscape contrast index provides some important key reference for deepening the pattern-process relationship in landscape ecology.
参考文献/References:
[1] 傅伯杰,陈利顶,马克明,等.景观生态学原理及应用[M].北京:科学出版社,2001.
[2] With K A,Crist T O.Critical thresholds in species responses to landscape structure[J].Ecology,1995,76:2446-2459.
[3] Tisehendorf L.Can landscape indices predict ecological processes consistently[J].Landscape Ecology,2001,16(3):235-254.
[4] 陈利顶,傅伯杰,徐建英,等.基于“源-汇”生态过程的景观格局识别方法[J].生态学报,2003,23(11):2406-2413.
[5] Julien P Y.Erosion and Sedimentation[M].USA: Cambridge University Press,1995.
[6] Nichols M H,Renard K G.Sediment yield from semi-arid watersheds[M].Tucson,USA: Agricultural Research Service,Southwest Watershed Research Center,1999.
[7] Williams J R,Nearing M A,Nicks A,et al.Using soil erosion models for global change studies[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1996,51(5):381-385.
[8] Favis-Mortlock D T,Guerra A J T.The implications of general circulation model estimates of rainfall for future erosion:a case study from Brazil[J].Catena,1999,37:329-354.
[9] Nearing M A.Potential changes in rainfall erosivity in the U.S.with climate change during the 21st century[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2001,56 (3):229-232.
[10] 张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2001.
[11] Barthes B,Roose E.Aggregate stability as an indicator of soil susceptibility to runoff and erosion validation at several levels[J].Catena,2002,47:133-149.
[12] Cammeraat L H,Imeson A C.Deriving indicators of soil degradation from soil aggregation studies in southeastern Spain and southern France[J].Geomorphology,1998,23:307-321.
[13] Boixfayos C,Calvo C A,Imeson A C,et al.Influence of soil properties on the aggregation of some Mediterranean soils and the use of aggregate size and stability as land degradation indicators[J].Catena,2001,44:47-67.
[14] Erskine W D,Mahmoudzadeh H A,Myers C.Land use effects on sediment yields and soil loss rates in small basins of Triassic sandstone near Sidney,NSW,Australia[J].Catena,2002,49(4):271-87.
[15] Malanson G P.Riparian Landscapes[M].New York: Cambridge University Press,1995.
[16] Knaapen J P,Scheffer M,Harms B.Estimating habitat isolation in landscape planning[J].Landscape and Urban Plan,1992,(23):1-16.
[17] Michels E,Cottenie K,Neys L,et a1.Geographical and genetic distances among zooplankton populations in a set of interconnected ponds:a plea for using GIS modeling of the effective geographical distance[J].Ecological Modelling,2001,10:1929-1938.
[18] Niu Z G,Li B G,Zhang F R.Optimum Land-Use Patterns Based on Regional Available Soil Water[J].transactions of the CSAE,2002,18(3):173-177.
[19] Walker R,Craighead L.Analyzing wildlife movement corridors in Montana using GIS Environmental Sciences Research Institude[C].Copenhagen:ESRI Inc:Proceedings of the 1997 Intemational ESRI User Conference.1997:1-18.
[20] 肖笃宁,布仁仓,李秀珍.生态空间理论与景观异质性[J].生态学报,1997,17(5):453-461.
[21] Basnyat P,Teeter L D,Flynn K M.Relationships between landscape characteristics and Non-point source pollution inputs to coastal estuary[J].Environmental Management,1999,23(4): 539-549.
[22] 陈利顶,傅伯杰,赵文武.“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1444-1449.
[23] Cook E A.Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2002,58:269-280.
备注/Memo
收稿日期:2008-3-17;
基金项目:国家基金委创新群体项目（40621061）；面上基金项目（30570319）；国家科技支撑计划（2006BAC01A06）
作者简介:许申来（1980- ），男，内蒙通辽人，博士研究生，从事GIS应用和环境评价研究，E-mail：xushenlai@163.com